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Bilingual lexical access〔Crosslinguistic influence〕 is an area in psycholinguistics research that studies the activation or retrieval process of the mental lexicon for people who can speak two languages. Bilingual lexical access can be understood as all aspects of word processing, including all the mental activity from the perception of the word from one language until all its lexical knowledge from the target language is available.〔De Groot, A. M. (2011). Language and cognition in bilinguals and multilinguals: An introduction. New York, NY, US: Psychology Press〕 Research in this field seeks to fully understand these mental processes. Bilingual individuals have two mental lexical representations for an item or concept and are able to successfully select words from one language without significant interference from the other language. Thus, it is important to understand whether these dual representations interact or affect one another. Bilingual lexical access researchers focus on the control mechanisms bilinguals use to suppress the language not in use when in a monolingual mode and the degree to which the related representations within the language not in use are activated. For example, when a Dutch-English bilingual is asked to name a picture of a dog in English, he or she will come up with the English word ''dog''. Bilingual lexical access is the mental process that underlies this seemingly simple task: the process that makes the connection between the “idea” dog and the word ''dog'' in the target language. While activating the English word ''dog'', the Dutch word ''hond'' (its equivalent in Dutch)'', ''is most likely also in a state of activation. == History == Early research of bilingual lexical access was generated from the theories of unilingual lexical access. Theories derived from early unilingual research relied mainly upon generalizations without precise specification of how these specific systems of lexical access works. Due to the advancement of medical science within the last decade, the field of Psycholinguistics has evolved immensely, resulting in more detailed research and therefore, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms behind language production. "Many early studies of second language acquisition focused on the morphosyntactic development of learners, and the general findings was that bound morphemes appear in the same order in the first and second language"(Bardovi-Harlig 1999. In addition, "second language learners are also able to produce and process simple sentences before complex sentences"(Pienemann et al.2005),just like first language learners." For example, the theory of serial search models and parallel access models. ''Serial Search Models''〔Forster, K. I., & Bednall, E. S. (1976). Terminating and exhaustive search in lexical access. ''Memory & Cognition, 4(1)'', 53-61.〕 propose that when monolinguals encounter a word, they will look through all the lexical entries to distinguish whether the input item is a word not, and then they will only retrieve the necessary information about that word (i.e., its semantics or orthography). They also propose that the lexical access would process sequentially by activating only one lexical entry at a time. In contrast, the ''Parallel Access Models''〔Morton, J. (1969). Interaction of information in word recognition. ''Psychological review, 76''(2), 165-178.〕 believe that multiple entries can be activated at once, which means that the perceptual input from a word would activate all lexical items directly, even though some of them might not be necessary. In this way, numbers of potential candidates would be activated simultaneously and then the lexical candidates which are most consistent with the input stimulus would be chosen. Later, the researchers〔Gleason, J. Berko & Ratner, N. Bernstein. (1998) ''Psycholinguistics, 2nd edition.'' New York: Harcourt Brace. (Published November 1997).〕 addressed that both the serial and parallel process are accounted for the lexical organization and lexical access. Knowledge of unilingual access has inevitably led to the curiosity of bilingual lexical access. Early models of bilingual lexical access shared similar characteristics with these unilingual lexical access models.〔Thomas, M. S., & Van Heuven, W. J. (2005). Computational models of bilingual comprehension. ''Handbook of bilingualism'', 202.〕 For example, the bilingual models began with focusing on whether the lexical access for bilinguals would be different from monolinguals. In addition to study the activation process in separate language, they also investigated whether the lexical activation would be processed in a parallel fashion for both languages or selectively processed for the target language. In this case, the bilingual models also studied whether the bilingual system has a single lexicon combining words from both languages or separate lexicons for words in each language. With the occurrence of widespread computational modeling, researchers extended the theoretical approaches for the studies of bilingual lexical access.The computational models are now essential component for mainstream theories, for example, the models of Bilingual Interactive Activation () model,〔Dijkstra, T., Van Heuven, W.J.B., & Grainger, J. (1998).Simulating cross-language competition with the bilingual interactive activation model. ''Psychologica Belgica,'' 38, 177-196.〕 the Semantic, Orthographic and Phonological Interactive Activation () model,〔Grainger, J. (1998). MROM-p: An interactive activation, multiple readout model of orthographic and phonological processes in visual word recognition. Localist connectionist approaches to human cognition, 147.〕 and the Bilingual interactive Model of Lexical Access ().〔Léwy, N., & Grosjean, F. (1997).A computational model of bilingual lexical access. Manuscript in preparation.〕 Since most computational models need to specify all the vague descriptive notions used in the earlier models, they force researchers to be more clarified with their theories. Those revised models can also serve as to test the viability of the original theories by comparing the empirical results with data generated from the model. In addition, the computational models can also help to generate new testable hypothesis and allow researchers to manipulate conditions which might not be possible in normal experimentation.〔 For example, researchers can investigate and simulate the lexical access systems under various states of damage without using aphasic people.〔Neuroscience of multilingualism〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bilingual lexical access」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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